Wed 27 Oct 2010
APUSH Chapter 10
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Chap 10 Polictics Religion and Reform in the Age of Jacksonpg 265-293)
INTRODUCTION
1824 Lafeyyete revisits U.s. stopping by each state
Admired honorly
Era of Good Feeling still reigns over American politics in 1824
New change leads to a birth of a second American party system
Democracts and Whigs replace Republicans and the Federalists
Took advantage of the transportation revolution to spread their messages
Better organization grass-roots support
More eager to make govt responsive to the popular will
More likely to enjpy policits and welcome conflict to sustain interest in political I issues
Men + Women were involved in reform movements à goal
Abolition of slavery
The suppression of liquur
Improe in education
And equality for women
The Transformation of the American Politics, 1824-1832
Jackson + Buren(Democratic) ~ Henry Clay + John Quincy Adams made up Republican Party
Republican Party under pressure by
Industry in NE, cotton cultivation in the South, and westward expansion
Democrats: retained Jefferson’s suspicion of a strong federal govt and preference state rights
Whigs: believed that the national govt should actively encourage economic devolpment
Democratic Ferment
Political Democratization
Substitution of poll taxes à tradition requirement that voters own property
Written ballots replace the custom of voting
Choice of predisential electors by state legislature gave way to their direct election by voters
If Party was a minority it would increase electorate.
Feds + Republicans relie on caucus(conference of party members in legis.
Feds collapse in 1816 strips national politcs of clear issues and turned off voters
The Election of 1824
Era of Good Feeing ends in 1824
Four Candidtates
New England : Adams
South Carolina: Calhoun, Crawford(Jeffersonian)
Kentucky: Clay(Ameican System prot, tarrifs, internal improvement in East +West)
Tennessee: Andrew Jackson(popular on frontier + South)
Crawford, Calhoun out of the race
Jackson did not have majority to win à House of Reps decide
Clay gives Adams support if alliance w/ North + Northeast
Adams won “ corrupt bargain”
John Quincy Adams as President
1825à proposes program of federal aid for internal improvements
Van Buren opposed federal aid ti improvements on ground that would enable other states to build rival canals.
Adams sends American delegates to a conference of newly independent Latin American nations
infuriated southerens b/c U.S implay recognition w/ Haiti(slave revoluntion
The Rise of Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson > John Q. Adams
Jackson seemed to be the only valid candidate
Van Buren soon to be VP of Jackson’s second term
The Albany Rgency- powerful political machine composed fof lower and middle rank(like him)
Ordinary people comfortable + made freinds with political enemies
Van Buren convinced Jackson of the Democratic Party, Jack for P and Calhoun for VP
Opponents were The National Republicans Adams and SoT Richard Rush
The Election of 1828
Jackson marries Rachel Robards
Adam accused for being filthy rich Jackson accused for deaths and drunk
Adam is a aristocrat, Could write but not fight, dry scholar
Jackson Wins
Jackson in Office
Jackson’s first policy, “Rotation in office”- the removal of fierce holders of the rival party critics call “spoil system”
Plain people should be given a chance to work for the govt
Jackson does not want internal improvements ( violation of national defense)
Vetoes road in Kentucky between Maysville and Lexington
Enhanced Jackson’s popularity in the South
High Protective Tariff unfav in the South, Jackson had in mind
South would have to pay more for manufactured goods
Nullfication
Calhoun wants to be president after Jackson
Pretends to not like tarrifs to gain Southern support
Drove up price for manufacture goods + threaten to reduce the sale of British textile in U.s
British might lower demand
Calhoun follows Kentucky + Virginia Resolutions(states limit power to federal power
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
The tarrif of 1828 was unconstitutional à nullify/ override the law
Slave Revolt by Nat Turner in Virginia
William Garrison pusblishes the Liberator, abolitionist newspaper
Jackson Versus Calhoun
Jackson makes two policies to keep northern and southern support
#1- Distribute surplus federal revenue to the states
Duties on imports(use to be tarrifs)
Hoped to remove taint of sectional injustice from tariff + force the federal govt to restrict own expenditure
#2 Ease Tariffs from sky high lvl in 1828
Congress passes slightly reduce tarrifs but did not satisfy SouthC 1832
Calhoun wife + cabinet discredits the Eatons
1830 Jackson find out Calhoun tried to punish Jackson’s raid in Florida in 1818(Pres Monroe)
SC convention nullifies Tarrifs of 1828 + 1832 + forbade collection of customs duties within the state
Jackson’s olive branch and sword
Tarrif of 1833(Comprimise Tariff) gradual/signif lower of duties
1833-1842
The Force Bill- authorize president to use arms to collest custom duties in South Carolina
SC nullifies Force Bill but interprets Comp Tar as concession and ended nullification of tarrifs 1828 + 1832
Clay thinks without yielding to SC on tariffs Force Billà civil war
Clay’s Compromise Tariff “saves the country”
The Bank Veto
Jackson suspects Bank of U.S. – guilty
Banks power enabled it to check excesses of state banks and provoke hostility
Blamed for Panic of 1819
The capacity to lend money exceeds state bank
Capital of 35 mil doubled annual expidenture of federal govt
Nicholas Biddle was public servant to keep bank above politics
Jackson vetoes recharter bill(secured congressional passage)
Denounce the bank as a private monopoly that drained West of
Specie
Clay was pissed and strives for presidency
The Election of 1832
Jackson believed it was safe to allow states considerable freedom to remain content with the Union and reject nullification
Jackson ran again against Henry Clay(American System of prot tariffs, national bank, and federal support of internal improvement
Jackson secured for office and ready to dismantle the Bank of U.S.
The Bank Controversy and the Second Party System
Jackson veto ignites controversy that threatens to engulf all banks 1833-40
Bank had no dollar bills on IOUS
Possible suffering b/c public doubts about bank solvency
The War on the Bank
Biddle began to call in the bank’s loans and contract credit
Jackson began to make a policy to remove federal deposits from the Bank of The U.s and placing them in the state banks
State banks used for issueing more paper money + loans
Jackson didn’t like papermoney or speculative econ
This plan started to make statebanks double (Jackson was trying to abolish
Critics called them “pet banks” loyaloty to the Dem party
Pet banks + influx of foreign specie purchased cotton, investment for canal projects,
Congress forced Jackson to sign Deposit Act
Increased # of deposit banks and loosend federal control over them.
Led to dispute of soft money(paper) vs hardmoney(specie)
Soft money Democrats: hated bank for contracting credit and restrict lending activities of state banks(more popular)
Hard money: hated bank for sanctioning economy
“Panic of 1837”
New Yorks Locofocos supports hard money
Working men parties
free public education abolition of imprisonment for debt, and ten hour workday
intellectuals and artisans, journeyman
The Rise of Whig Opposition
National Republicanà Whig Party (favored nullification)
Jackson lost southern supporters
Proimprovment southerners-> Feg govt->Whig Party for aid
Northern social reformers oppose Jackson
Attack liquor
Oppose slavery
Better puclic education
More public morality
Anti-Masonry, a protest aganst the secrecy of the Masonic lodges(fraternal friendship and exotic rituals)
Whigs appealed commercial farmers, planters, merchants, and bankers, reformers, evangelical cergymen, AntiMasons, manufacturers, Calhoun, former nullficationists, calls Jackson a dictator
The Electin of 1836
Whigs bring up 4 candidates who oppose Van Buren
Buren won
The Panic of 1837
Banks doubledà Notes Tripledà commodity + land priced SOARED
States made commitements to build canals
Economy crashes again in 1839
Biddle charged with theft and fraud
Workers turn to William Miller, religion enthusiast
Specie Circular by Jackson after Aug 15, 1836 only specie was accepted in payment for public lands
Reverse damaging effects of the Deposit Act of 1836
The Search for Solutions
Independent Treasury: govt would hold its reveneues and keep them from the grasp of corporations. “Second Dec of Ind” July 4
Failed to adresss issue on the state level, chartered stae banks lent money to farmers and businessmen
Democrats are antibank hardmoney party in 1837
The Election of 1840
Vanburen against William Harrison
Harrison obsessed with hard cider and log cabins
Rugged frontiersman hereo of Tippecanoe
Harisson won
The Second Party System Matures
Popular vote between 1836 an 1840 increase 60 percent
White Males rose from 55 to 80 percent in voting
Gradual line between the two parties stimulate popular interest in politics
The Rise of Popular Religion
Americans insist mnisters to preach doctorines that appealed to them
The Second Great Awakening
Began in Connecticut in 1790s
Striking Change, Camp meetings were gigantic revivials in which members if several denominations gathered together in sprawling camps for a week to hear reivialists proclaim the Second Coming of Jesus was near
The Cane Ridge “the jerks”
Early frontier revivals challenge traditional religius customs
Methodits
Largest Protestant denomination
Religion is from the heart not the head
Frontier Revivals disrupts religion customs but also promotes law order and morality onto frontier
Eastern Revivals
Hottest revival fires blazed in thee western New York known as Burned Over Distrct
Charles G Finney
Lawyer, Presbyterian minister and conducter revivals in town
Rochester greatest “ harvest”
Rochester Revival
Finney “father of modern revivalism”
Citywide revivals in wich all denominations participated
Introduced devices for speeding conversions.
Anxious seats, protracted meeting
Rejects Calvanist belief that humans had natural inclination to sin(doctrine of “human depreavity”)
Perfectionism, people could live without sin
Socierty was in the people’s own hands
Converted husbands wives and daughers
Critics of Revivals: the Unitarians
Unitarian small group of influential revival critics
Basic doctrine of Unitarianism- that Jesus Christ was less than fully divine
Attract wealthy and educated gave influence beyond their #’s
Critized revivals as uncouth emotional exhibitions and argued that moral goodness should be cultivated by a gradual process of “Character building” basing behavior off Jesus
William Channing, A Uni tarian leader claims Christianity had one purpose: the perfection if human nature, the elevation of men imtp nobler beings”
The Rise of Mormonism
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints “Mormons”
Joseph Smith
Book of Mormon “buried book of relevation” guided by an angel
Tells a story of ancient Hebrew prophet Lehi desendencts came to America and created civilization “Jesus was the savior”
God cursed the dark skins
Smith’s new revelation resolves the turmoil created by the Protestant denominatins inability to agree on what the Bible said or meant
Hope to be close with Indians ot convert them
Another revelation: virtually guarnteed a histile reception for the Mormon wherever they went
Revelation:sanctioned tge Mormon practice of having multiple wives or polygny.
Smith was “Second Mohammed”
Charged with treason jailed in Illnois murdered by a mob 1844
New Leader – Brigham Young, led the main body of Mormons from Nauvoo to the Great Salt Lake Vally, Utah “still under mexico”
Desert, independent republic
Inustrious people and deeply committed to welfare
Reject bible lsubsitute polygny for monogamy
The Shakers
Mother Ann Lee, illerate daughter of the blacksmith
Artisans
End of the world was imminent
Second Coming of Jesus would come as a woman
Religion and economic individualism were compatiblebetween shakers and mormons
The Age of Reform
Women could not vote and blacks still siffer from gradual liberalizations of voting requirements
Reformer agenda: slavery abolition, women rights, temperance, better treatment of criminals, and insanse public education and utopian communities
Reformers believe they were on the good side
Religious revivalism contribute to moralism
New England was the place most reforms took place “hotbeds of reform”
The War on Liquor
Across the App Mountains people drank excessively
Farmers could not grain to markets before transportation revolution
They distilld them
Men spent money on liquor instead of food (wife and children sad)
Revivalist Lyman Beecher against alcohol
Protestants create American Temperance Society demands total abstinence
Factory owners with precise production schedules to meet needed orderly and steady workers
Temperance reformers got manufactures support
After Panic of 1837à Washington Temperance Societies
the commitment to sobriety survives depression
Washingtonians held experience meetings “salvations from liquor” and regeneration through abstinence “teetotalism”
Drinking decreased by half from 1840 since 1820
Public-School Reform
Rural America’s district school
Three-twenty year olds
Horace Mann of Mass
First secretary of state of new bord of education
Shifting the burden of financial support for schools from parents to the state, grading the schools, eztening the school term from to 10 months
Standardized books , attendance
Spread uniform cultural values by exposing all children to identtial experiences
Rural/urban ~ laboring poor opposed complulsory education as a menace to parents dependent on their children’s wages.
Allies
Stress on free tax schools won the backing of the urban w o workingman parties
New Reform attracted reform-minded women, grading of the school would ease women entry into teaching
If blacks got schooling then it was segregated from the white schools
Abolition
American Colonization Society(1817) little moral outrage against slavery
It proposed a plan for gradual exancipation, with compensation to t he slaveownder and the shipment of free blacks to africa.
1400 blacks m igrated to Liberia and most were already free
Appeal by David Walker about black rebellion to crush slavery
1821 Quaker Benjamin Lundy began newspaper “genius of universal empancipation
William Lloyd Garrison
Assistant editor
The Liberator, his own newspaper most famous controversial white abolitionists
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